Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between spelling and phonics instruction in an effective research-based reading curriculum?
  1. Systematic spelling instruction takes priority over explicit phonics instruction in the early grades.
  2. Explicit phonics instruction is used primarily to remediate specific areas of spelling difficulty.
  3. Systematic spelling instruction is coordinated with and reinforces explicit phonics instruction.
  4. Explicit phonics instruction is reinforced by spelling instruction focused on irregular sight words.
Explanation
Correct Response: C. There is a reciprocal relationship between spelling and phonics. The development of spelling and orthographic knowledge (e.g., doubling the final consonant of CVC words when adding an ending that begins with a vowel) reinforces the development of decoding skills. Similarly, students can utilize their phonics knowledge to build spelling skills. A and B are incorrect because phonics and spelling should be taught to all students systematically and concurrently, not simply in the context of an intervention. D is incorrect because irregular sight words are words that contain one or more elements that do not conform to regular phonics guidelines; thus, focusing on them would not reinforce phonics instruction.
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