Use the information below to answer the question that follow.

An elementary ESL teacher is co-teaching a language arts lesson in a third-grade SEI class that includes English language learners representing a wide range of English proficiency levels. The teacher engages students in the following collaborative writing activity.
  1. One student in the class—the "interviewee"—agrees to be interviewed by class members.
  2. Each class member serves as an "interviewer" by asking the interviewee a prepared question (e.g., "What is your favorite food?").
  3. The interviewee responds to each interviewer's question (e.g., "I love bananas") or says "pass" if he or she does not want to respond to a question.
  4. Each interviewer paraphrases the interviewee's response to his or her question (e.g., "His favorite food is bananas").
  5. The teachers record each interviewer's paraphrase on chart paper using correct mechanics and grammar.
  6. After each interviewer has asked his or her question, students discuss the sentences on the chart paper and use a coding system to categorize the sentences by topic (e.g., personal preferences).

Which of the following adaptations of this activity would most effectively promote the writing development of bridging-level English language learners in the class?
  1. In Steps 2 and 3, bridging-level students translate for entering-level students the interviewer's question and interviewee's response.
  2. In Step 4, bridging-level students, rather than the interviewer, paraphrase the interviewee's response.
  3. In Step 5, bridging-level students, with guidance from the teachers, record the interviewers' paraphrases on the chart paper.
  4. In Step 6, bridging-level students copy down the sentences on the chart paper into a writing notebook.
Explanation
Correct Response: C. Bridging-level English language learners are approaching grade-level English language proficiency. With appropriate support, students at this level can write in Standard English. Thus, recording the interviewers' paraphrases in correct English on chart paper with guidance from the teachers is an appropriate task for this group of students. A is incorrect because students at this level may or may not be fluent in their first language, or in the language of the entering-level students in the class, making the task of translating not possible. In addition, translating would not promote the writing development of this group of students because translating in this scenario is an oral task. B is incorrect because paraphrasing in this scenario is also an oral task, not a written task, and thus would not promote the writing development of bridging-level English language learners in the class. Finally, simply copying down the sentences on the chart paper in a writing notebook is too simple of a task for students at the bridging level, making D incorrect. This task would be more appropriate for students at the entering and emerging levels of proficiency.
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