Answer: C - According to Jean Piaget, a student that is a formal operational thinker would likely NOT require the use of math manipulatives to complete algorithms. Students reach the formal operational stage of cognitive development when they are approximately 11-15 years old. They are characterized by the ability to use logic to solve abstract problems and can reason through hypothetical situations. Therefore, students at the formal operational stage would most likely be able to complete algorithms without the need for manipulatives in order to solve math problems.
