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NCE / CPCE Counselor

Category - Human Growth and Development

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According to the parents of Lucy, a 28-month-old, her favorite word is “no.” Which of the following theories describes what stage the child has entered?

Piaget’s concrete operational stage
Freud’s oral phase of development
Kohlberg’s social systems perspective
Erikson’s autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Explanation

Answer: D - According to Erikson, Lucy has entered the stage of autonomy vs. shame and doubt, which may involve a stormy time of the expression of will, including tantrums and stubbornness. Resolved successfully, Lucy will emerge from this stage with self-confidence, a better ability to control herself, and ready to learn more about the world around her.

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NCE / CPCE Counselor

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