A nurse midwife is caring for a client in labor and is about to determine the fetal position and presentation. Which of the following methods can be used to obtain the needed assessments?
I.Vaginal examination
II.Sonography
III.Combined abdominal inspection and palpation.
IV.Auscultation of fetal heart tones
Explanation
Answer: D - The nurse midwife may determine the fetal position and presentation through vaginal examination, sonography, combined abdominal inspection and palpation and auscultation of fetal heart tones. It is essential to obtain the fetal position and presentation to determine the possible risks of labor, such as cephalopelvic disproportion, which may require a cesarean birth. CPD may increase the risk of early rupture of the membranes, infection, meconium staining and respiratory distress.
