CPM Certified Professional Midwife

Answer: D - All of the above

In breech presentation, the lie is longitudinal and the podalic pole presents at the pelvic brim. It is the most common malpresentation. Complications of vaginal breech delivery include:
1. Arrest of labor in the first stage of labor
2. Fetal distress
3. Cord prolapse

Three methods for vaginal breech delivery are:
1. Spontaneous: Expulsion of the fetus occurs with very little assistance.
2. Assisted breech delivery: The delivery of the fetus is with assistance from beginning to end.
3. Breech extraction: When entire body of the fetus is extracted by forceps (or some other method), the delivery is called breech extraction.