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131. A biology department at a university recently received a large donation from a chemical company after agreeing to research the effects of an Alzheimer’s drug recently developed by the company. After the research study was completed, other universities asserted that the study was biased due to the donation from the company. As proof of the unbiased nature of the study, the department president asserted that they did not receive funds from the company until after the study was completed.

Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the position of the department president?
  1. Researchers in the study were not told of the possible donation until after the study was completed.
  2. Researchers in the study had previously worked for the chemical company making the donation.
  3. Another university conducted an independent study of the drug in question at the same time of the biology department.
  4. Claims of bias are common whenever drug research is funded by a private entity.
  5. The donation from the company will be used for new equipment, and not to conduct any studies.
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132. In general, there are more car accidents in metropolitan areas than in rural areas. This is despite the fact that metropolitan areas have better maintained roads, better signage, and cars are generally in better working condition than in rural areas.

Which of the following, if true, most helps explain the facts described above?
  1. People in rural areas tend to drive more miles each year, as they are more reliant on their automobiles.
  2. People in rural areas often drive even without a license, as there is less risk of being caught by police.
  3. There are more people in metropolitan areas, so the chances of car collisions are much greater.
  4. While the overall accident rate is higher in metropolitan areas, the rate of drunk driving accidents is higher in rural areas.
  5. There are fewer people in rural areas to pay taxes for road improvements and highway patrol.
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133. We now know that people in medieval Europe had a high degree of literacy and appreciation for works of classic literature. In writings by medieval monks, it is clear that the monks were well read in classic Greek and Latin literature and prolific in producing their own literary works. We therefore need to rethink the idea that most people in medieval Europe were not well educated.

The argument's reasoning is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it
  1. Fails to devise what constitutes a high degree of literacy.
  2. Overlooks the achievement in other areas, such as math or science.
  3. Relies on an unrepresentative sample.
  4. Takes correlation as evidence of causation.
  5. Fails to define what constitutes prolific production of literature.
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134. Although most children are at least somewhat aware of when they are exhibiting selfish behavior, most children also fail to stop this behavior without prompting. This is because the benefits of selfish behavior, such as refusing to share a toy, are immediately apparent, whereas the benefits from generosity are harder to see and much harder for a child to comprehend. Therefore, if we want children to be more generous, it is necessary to _____________________________.

Which of the following would most logically complete the passage?
  1. Allow them to discover the benefits of generosity on their own.
  2. Practice generosity in our own lives since children will fail to do the same.
  3. Allow children to exhibit selfish behavior in at least small quantities.
  4. Explain to children the value of generosity and its benefits so they will begin to understand.
  5. Punish children when they refuse to share a toy.
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135. Activist: “Many parents are concerned about sexual images in television and movies. There are increasing calls to limit the amount of sexual material and nudity in TV and movies, especially in films and TV marketed to young people. However, this would be censorship and we cannot allow it to happen. Even if there are damaging effects from watching too much sexualized material, it is better to suffer those effects than to allow the government to restrict what we can and cannot watch.”

Based on the passage above, it is most likely that the activist would agree with which of the following principles?
  1. We must prioritize our children over everything else.
  2. Freedom of expression is important to protect, no matter the cost.
  3. Censorship can be appropriate in certain, limited circumstances.
  4. Regulation is not desirable but is a necessary evil.
  5. It is the role of the parents, not the government, to decide what children can watch.
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