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61. Fossils of early crocodiles show that early crocodiles must have eaten a mainly vegetarian diet, as they are not found near any fossils of living creatures that would have served as the crocodiles’ prey. Instead, they are found near fossils of different kinds of vegetation, many of which no longer exist today. Skeletons of modern crocodiles, on the other hand, are often found near those of other animals, showing that the diet of crocodiles has changed over thousands of years.

The argument assumes that
  1. Skeletons of crocodiles’ prey are always found directly surrounding a crocodile fossil or skeleton.
  2. Fossils or skeletons found near a predatory animal can give an idea of what prey comprised an animal’s diet.
  3. Crocodiles have existed in their present form for thousands of years.
  4. Crocodiles cannot consume plant life and other animals together.
  5. Fossils and skeletons are not reliable indicators for interpreting the lives of animals.
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62. Fossils of early crocodiles show that early crocodiles must have eaten a mainly vegetarian diet, as they are not found near any fossils of living creatures that would have served as the crocodiles’ prey. Instead, they are found near fossils of different kinds of vegetation, many of which no longer exist today. Skeletons of modern crocodiles, on the other hand, are often found near those of other animals, showing that the diet of crocodiles has changed over thousands of years.

Which one of the following, if true, would strengthen the conclusion of the preceding paragraph?
  1. Recent research has shown that crocodiles have remained virtually the same size and shape for thousands of years.
  2. Skeletons of ancient animals are rare, as most deteriorated or were eaten by scavengers before fossilizing.
  3. Scientists cannot reliably estimate the age of a fossil.
  4. Modern crocodiles have been shown to eat both plants and animals.
  5. In research completed across hundreds of species, paleontologists have proven that animal and plant fossils and skeletons found near predator animals are a reliable indicator of their food source.
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63. Some artists also excel at science and become successful inventors. All inventors have an imaginative, creative mind. Anyone with an imaginative, creative mind is more likely to become an artist than those who do not.

Based on the preceding passage, which of the following must be true?
  1. All artists have imaginative, creative minds.
  2. Most inventors are also artists.
  3. At least one person with an imaginative, creative mind must have become an artist.
  4. Everyone with an imaginative, creative mind becomes both an inventor and an artist.
  5. Everyone with an imaginative, creative mind becomes either an inventor or an artist, but not both.
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64. A charter school requires all of its teachers to grade each of their six classes on a curved scale. The top 15% of each class receives an A and the bottom 5% fails the class. This system is not fair. If a student is in an exceptionally gifted class, they could fail or receive a poor grade even if they did good work, while a student in an easier class could receive an A for poor work. Furthermore, grades are always arbitrary and teachers are likely to reward students they like better with higher marks.

Which of the following most accurately expresses the conclusion drawn in the argument?
  1. Some schools require their teachers to rank students.
  2. A fair ranking system involves a certain proportion of students receiving an A and some students receiving an F.
  3. No matter what ranking system is used, teachers are likely to reward their favorite students with high marks.
  4. A quota system for each of a teacher's classes is not a fair way to grade students.
  5. More students deserve to fail than this system allows.
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65. Psychologist: “A study of college students revealed that those students suffering from depression are more likely to eat junk food as opposed to healthier snacks. Another recent study proved that workers who work overnight shifts have higher rates of depression than those who work day or evening shifts. Thus it is very likely that poor eating habits are a cause of depression, as overnight workers also often have a poor diet due to their inability to keep a consistent schedule and easily share meals with others.”

The reasoning in the psychologist's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it
  1. Presumes, without providing justification, that university students have a higher rate of depression than do overnight workers.
  2. Fails to consider the possibility that poor eating habits are an effect, not a cause, of depression.
  3. Fails to give a definition for what constitutes depression.
  4. Presumes that all depression is caused by the same thing in all people.
  5. Presumes that overnight workers are less healthy than those who work other shifts.
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