When evaluating sperm morphology, abnormalities are classified as a “primary defect” if the appearance of the sperm has:
  1. Tail-less heads, bent or broken tails, and protoplasmic droplets on the mid-piece
  2. Increased viscosity of seminal fluid
  3. Reduced mobility
  4. Heads that are too large, too small, or oddly shaped; tails that are coiled; and swollen midpieces
Explanation
Answer - D - Heads that are too large, too small, or oddly shaped are an example of a “primary defect.” They are generally more serious than secondary defects, which include tail-less heads, bent or broken tails, and protoplasmic droplets on the mid-piece. Since improper specimen handling can cause secondary defects, proper collection and preparation techniques are mandatory.
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