Use the passage below to answer the question that follows.

He was a hard, stubborn old man. A smile rarely broke through the hard features of his face. He had worked hard all his life, but life had been hard on him. It never gave him a break. He struggled to break the hard ground year after year. He asked the earth to give a little back, but it repeatedly broke his heart. He took it hard.

This passage best illustrates which of the following concepts related to English vocabulary that can pose challenges for English language learners' comprehension and development of communicative language competence?
  1. High-frequency English words often have difficult pronunciations.
  2. English speakers tend to use academic words infrequently in everyday social interactions.
  3. High-frequency English words often have multiple meanings.
  4. English speakers tend to use colloquialisms and figures of speech frequently.
Explanation
Correct Response: C. The passage includes multiple instances of the adjective hard and the verb break, each with a different meaning. This would pose challenges for English language learners because they must learn to associate each meaning with a particular context. A is incorrect because high-frequency words are not more likely to have difficult pronunciations than less frequently used words. B is incorrect because the text does not include a large number of academic (Tier Two or Tier Three) words. Finally, D is incorrect because, although the passage includes a few figures of speech, such as broke his heart and took it hard, they are used sparingly rather than frequently in the passage.
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