EPPP Psychology

Category - Research Methods and Statistics

Research aims to draw conclusion about relationships among variables. There are a number of threats to validity-factors that interfere with making reliable and clear conclusions. Which of the following concerns is a threat to internal validity?
  1. Instrumentation
  2. Demand characteristics
  3. Sample characteristics
  4. Experimenter expectancies
Explanation
Answer: A - Instrumentation refers to changes in researchers or calibration of equipment used in a study. This is a threat to internal validity; it is a factor other than the independent variable that might affect the dependent variable of a study.
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