Answer: B - Stuttering is no longer classified as such in the DSM-5, and has been renamed as Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder. Additionally, the usage of fillers ("um," "ah," "you know," "like," etc.) is no longer considered a symptom, but anxiety and avoidance have been added as criteria for the disorder.
Individuals who stutter may be at a higher risk for substance abuse as they may use drugs or alcohol as a coping mechanism to deal with the emotional stress and anxiety associated with stuttering.
There is no clear evidence to suggest that stuttering is directly linked to substance abuse. However, substance abuse can have a negative impact on one's speech and communication skills.
Substances such as alcohol and drugs can impair speech and cognitive function, leading to temporary speech difficulties and impaired communication. In addition, chronic substance abuse can damage the brain, which may cause long-term speech and communication problems.
