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31. Airline spokeswoman: “We recognize that it is difficult to maintain a quality level of service while also providing low cost tickets. However, in the past five years, although we have had to reduce our number of flight attendants by 25%, the number of passengers making repeat bookings with us has increased by 25%. Clearly, despite staffing cuts, our customer service has remained satisfactory to our customers.”

The spokeswoman’s argument is based upon which of the following assumptions?
  1. Some people will not fly with an airline again if they are dissatisfied with the quality of service.
  2. Reducing the number of flight attendants does not affect the quality of service.
  3. Customers are more motivated by price than they are by quality service.
  4. The increase in repeat bookings will result in increased revenue for the airline.
  5. Most passengers are not concerned with the number of flight attendants on board a flight.
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32. Music teacher: “Even though this concerto’s composer is listed as ‘Anonymous,’ we know that Mozart himself is the composer. First, it was found in an archive along with many of Mozart’s known original works. Second, it uses similar melodies to that of many of Mozart’s concertos. These facts make it certain that Mozart did in fact write this concerto, and its discovery is astounding.”

The music teacher’s reasoning is flawed because it
  1. Neglects to mention whether music history experts agree with his assertion.
  2. Equates evidence allowing something to be possible with evidence proving that it is certain.
  3. Uses a general principle to apply to a specific situation without providing justification.
  4. Uses a specific situation to make a general principle without providing justification.
  5. Fails to consider that many anonymous compositions were later found to be written by well-known composers before they became famous.
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33. Each and every time Joel goes to the grocery store, he buys bananas, apples, and bread. When his wife Katie arrived home from work, she saw bananas, apples, and bread on the kitchen counter and knew that Joel had done the shopping.

Katie’s flawed reasoning in the passage is most similar to which of the following statements?
  1. Emily always brings a pie to any potluck event she attends. Elena invited Emily to her potluck dinner because she knew that Emily would bring a delicious pie.
  2. Emily usually brings a pie to any potluck event she attends. For tomorrow's banquet, Emily will probably bring a pumpkin pie.
  3. Emily always brings a pie to any potluck event she attends. When Elena arrived at the potluck dinner, she saw an apple pie on the table and knew that Emily must have attended.
  4. Emily always brings a pie to any potluck event she attends. When Elena arrived at the potluck dinner, she saw Emily and knew that they would be having pie for dessert.
  5. Emily never brings a salad to a potluck. When Elena invited her to a potluck party, she knew that Emily would be bringing a dessert.
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34. In a five-year weight loss study, half of the significantly overweight participants weighed themselves once a week, while the other participants never weighed themselves. All of the participants had the same diet and exercise plan. After five years, the individuals who weighed themselves once a week maintained their weight loss much more often than those who did not.

Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the study’s finding?
  1. The group who weighed themselves was more likely to avoid fattening foods.
  2. Participants who weighed themselves found it motivational to see their progress, and thus were less likely to cheat on their diet and exercise plans.
  3. While weight loss was drastic in the first year, in subsequent years many participants in both groups gained the weight back.
  4. Participants weighed themselves much more often in the beginning of the study than at the end.
  5. All of the participants lost weight in the study.
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35. Oil is necessary for many aspects of modern life, yet it is a limited resource, and we will one day run out. Therefore, unless we find enough untapped oil reserves to continue fueling our modern lifestyle, we will one day have to live at a standard below that which we enjoy today.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
  1. Unlike oil, some vital resources are renewable.
  2. It is possible to find alternative renewable fuel sources to substitute for oil.
  3. It is possible that our modern lifestyle is not desirable and we would be better off with a simpler standard of living.
  4. It will be at least a few hundred years before we run out of our oil supply.
  5. Oil is not necessary to run every aspect of modern day life.
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