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81. Mahendra: “In order to finish my baccalaureate degree, I must complete a final project. I have three options for the project: a thesis, an oral exam, or a documentary film. The thesis would require months of research and would delay my graduation. An oral exam would mean coordinating the schedules for multiple professors to conduct the exam, which is very difficult. Thus, the best choice for me is to make a documentary film.”

Mahendra’s argument proceeds by doing which of the following?
  1. Arriving at a choice by eliminating all of its alternatives.
  2. Claiming that one choice is preferable to all others in every situation.
  3. Supports one preference by showing its relative easiness in comparison to others.
  4. Suggests a change to the rules by showing the difficulty of following them.
  5. Discounts options by showing that the supporters of such arguments are misguided.
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82. Mayor: “I am proposing an increased tax on sugary soft drinks, which would lead to decreased consumption of such soft drinks, and provide much needed revenue to the city. Surveys indicate that consumption of sugary sodas would drop if the price were raised, showing that I have found a way to make our city healthier and also raise revenue.”

Which of the following is an assumption made by the mayor's argument?
  1. People are motivated by taste less than price when choosing a soft drink.
  2. The expected drop in sales due to the tax would not cause the tax revenue to decrease in comparison to its current level.
  3. Sugary soft drinks are a popular drink among the city’s youth.
  4. The city is in desperate need of increased revenue.
  5. The tax increase will not cause an undue burden on poor households in the city.
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83. Mayor: “I am proposing an increased tax on sugary soft drinks, which would lead to decreased consumption of such soft drinks, and provide much needed revenue to the city. Surveys indicate that consumption of sugary sodas would drop if the price were raised, showing that I have found a way to make our city healthier and also raise revenue.”

Which of the following would most weaken the mayor’s argument?
  1. Sugary soft drinks are a leading cause of obesity and corresponding health problems.
  2. Lessening the consumption of sugary soft drinks is not as important as changing exercise and eating habits in the quest to make the city healthier.
  3. The revenue raised from the initiative could fund after-school programs for underprivileged children.
  4. The price of soft drinks has more than doubled in recent years, yet residents of the city consume more every year.
  5. The study referenced by the mayor was conducted in a city similar in demographics to that of the city in the passage.
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84. Nick: “Playing video games is a complete waste of time. Every hour a child spends playing video games instead of reading or learning a new sport, is spent in a completely unproductive way.”

Martha: “I agree that video games are not a great way to spend time, but if children were not playing video games, they might be doing something even worse. Video games keep children from committing mischief like graffiti or playing pranks.”

Nick and Martha would be most likely to disagree about which of the following?
  1. Whether video games or computer games are a better use of a child’s time.
  2. Whether video games are likely to contribute to poor grades.
  3. Whether playing video games is the best use of one’s time.
  4. Whether children would spend the time not playing video games doing productive or nonproductive activities.
  5. Whether children who stopped playing video games would be more or less violent than they are today.
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85. No matter how much they try to avoid them, all sociologists have biases that affect their work. So, instead of trying to interpret the social phenomena they study, they should limit their analysis to social phenomena in which they directly participate.

The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it
  1. Fails to eliminate the perceived bias.
  2. Unfairly limits the available subjects for a sociologist to study.
  3. Presumes, without providing justification, that sociologists are biased more than other researchers.
  4. Presumes, without providing justification, that some sociologists are more biased than others.
  5. Fails to consider the fact that many sociologists are aware of their own biases.
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