The conflict between Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV, the Holy Roman Emperor, concerned which issue of civic authority?
Explanation
Answer: C - The Investiture Controversy in 1075 between Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV, the Holy Roman Emperor, pertained to which institution- the church or the state- had the authority to appoint (or invest) local church leaders. The tenuous balance of power between a government and a civically empowered church has been an issue throughout the Common Era. For example, the creation of the Church of England under Henry VIII, who didn’t want to share power in his kingdom with anyone, including the pope, is another notable example. The Investiture Controversy was the most significant church-and-state matter of the Middle Ages. (Note: Henry IV, the Holy Roman Emperor was not part of the succession of English kings named Henry. This Henry IV was German.)
