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NCE / CPCE Counselor

Category - Research and Program Evaluation

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Research aims to draw conclusions about relationships among variables. There are a number of threats to validity-factors that interfere with making reliable and clear conclusions. Which of the following concerns is a threat to internal validity?

Instrumentation
Demand characteristics
Sample characteristics
Experimenter expectancies

Explanation

Answer: A - Instrumentation refers to changes in researchers or calibration of equipment used in a study, and it is a threat to internal validity. It is a factor other than the independent variable that might affect the dependent variable of a study.

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NCE / CPCE Counselor

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