France colonized the country Vietnam in the mid-19th century. By 1945, the United States became concerned about the nationalist movement led by the Viet Minh and started supporting the french colonization of Vietnam. After World War II the nationalist movement led by Ho Chi Minh tried to take down the French government. President Truman assisted France by providing military equipment to help reestablish their presence and power in Vietnam. Despite the support of the United States, the Vietnamese was able to defeat France in 1954. As a result, the country divided into North and South Vietnam.
After the division of Vietnam, the United States supports South Vietnam. With the approval of President John F. Kennedy, South Vietnamese generals led a coup against leader Ngo Dinh Diem in 1963. The removal and murder of Diem started a period of political instability in Vietnam. The North Vietnamese and supportive rebel communists in South Vietnam, called the Viet Cong, started fighting.
The crisis between the United States and North Vietnam intensified when North Vietnam attacked the U.S.S. Maddox off the coast of North Vietnam. President Johnson authorized the launch of air strikes and Congress approved military force against North Vietnam but he did not declare war. The United States sent troops in 1965 to contain the spread of communism into South Vietnam and prevent the collapse of the government. By the end of 1968, the United States had sent more than 500,000 troops to South Vietnam.
In 1968, communists launched the tet offensive, a massive attack against the United States and South Vietnam. They hoped that to cause the South Vietnamese to lose faith in their government and to deal a blow to United States forces. They also wanted the attack to persuade the United States to begin peace negotiations with North Vietnam. Although the attack did not have the impact North Vietnamese leaders expected, it did stun the American people and demoralize war managers. This did eventually lead to President Johnson cut back on sending troops. He later called for peace negotiations.
In July of 1969, United States troops began withdrawing, and on May 29, 1973, the last of American ground forces left Vietnam. Soon after, peace talks broke down and the war resumed, however, American troops did not return. The United States eventually began to reduce their military aid to South Vietnam. By 1975, North Vietnam and the Viet Cong won the war. This was the first war in a foreign country where combat forces did not achieve their goals of stopping the spread of communism.
The author’s tone in the fourth paragraph indicates which of the following:
