During the assessment of a patient’s heart sounds, the nurse hears a grating sound at the left of the sternal border. It is slightly muffled sounding. What might be the cause of this abnormal heart sound?
  1. Aortic stenosis
  2. Pericardial inflammation
  3. Mitral valve abnormalities
  4. Ventricular septal defect
Explanation
Answer: B - The assessment of a grating sound at the left of the sterna border that is slightly muffled would most likely be the sounds of a pericardial friction rub. The pericardial friction rub is usually caused by pericardial inflammation.
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