CPM Certified Professional Midwife

Answer: D - All of the above

Causes of obstructed labor include: 1) contracted pelvis; 2) cephalopelvic disproportion; 3) cervical dystocia; 4) operation scarring; 5) ovarian tumor; and 6) broad ligament fibroid. Cervical dystocia is defined as difficult labor and delivery caused by mechanical obstruction at the cervix. As related to childbirth, “contracted pelvis” refers to an abnormally small pelvis in the pregnant woman. Ovarian tumors occur in the ovaries. Cephalopelvic disproportion occurs when the baby’s head is too large to fit through the mother’s pelvis during birth.