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106. School administrator: “We recently completed an annual standardized test of math, reading, and writing. We have received the scores for math and reading and found that our students performed roughly as well as we had predicted. While we haven’t received the scores for the writing test, we have concluded that the writing results are probably similar to those of the math and reading tests.”

The administrator’s reasoning does which of the following?
  1. Uses information about the results of a similar event to draw conclusions about another event.
  2. Infers a statistical generalization from a specific case.
  3. Bases a prediction for a specific case of off a general principle.
  4. Uses an analogy to show that results from one test will be the same as those from another test.
  5. Uses information from past events to predict the results of future events.
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107. Biologists recently determined that the lion population in the Serengeti was growing exponentially. To protect the zebra and hyena populations, two of the lion’s common prey animals, biologists captured 100 lions and moved them to a neighboring region. However, in the five years since the lions’ removal, the zebra population has declined dramatically.

Which one of the following, if true, would most help explain the phenomenon described above?
  1. Zebras and hyenas are both much smaller than lions, making them easy prey.
  2. Zebra and hyena populations are constantly in flux.
  3. Both zebra and hyena populations have been impacted by a recent drought in the Serengeti.
  4. While lions prey on zebras and hyenas, hyenas also prey on zebras.
  5. While lions prey on zebras and hyenas, zebras also prey on hyenas.
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108. There are now far fewer independent hardware shops than there were in previous decades. The growth of large chain stores has forced many independent hardware stores to close, ultimately to the detriment of customers because a great variety of tools only carried in specialty stores are now much harder to find.

Which of the following is an assumption upon which the argument relies?
  1. Chain stores offer better prices but worse selection than independent stores.
  2. Hardware store customers would be better off if they could more easily find a larger variety of tools.
  3. There are more chain stores now than five years ago.
  4. Some hardware store customers value prices more than variety.
  5. Some hardware store customers value variety more than prices.
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109. Book publisher: “Some critics contend that our recently published works lack popular appeal. They are mistaken, however, because sales of our recently published books are similar to that of other publishing houses the same size as us.”

The publisher’s argument is flawed because it
  1. Fails to define what is meant by popular appeal.
  2. Takes for granted that sales indicate popular appeal.
  3. Takes for granted that works by similarly sized publishing houses have popular appeal.
  4. Fails to distinguish popularity in sales from popularity in opinion.
  5. Presumes, without providing justification, that critics do not have valid opinions.
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110. Until recently, many plastic water bottles contained a chemical known as BPA, which has been shown to be a carcinogen. Now, most plastic bottles and containers no longer contain BPA and so are much safer to use than plastics produced just a few years ago.

Which one of the following is best supported by the information above?
  1. It is safer to drink tap water than to drink from a bottle containing BPA.
  2. BPA is unsafe at any levels.
  3. It was not until scientists discovered that BPA caused cancer that manufacturers looked into ways to make plastic bottles without BPA.
  4. Today there is no risk to drinking from a plastic bottle as compared to alternatives, such as aluminum.
  5. If you drink from a plastic water bottle today, it is likely, but not guaranteed, that the bottle does not contain BPA.
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