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Choose the answer which best rewords the underlined portion. If you think the original wording is best, choose option A.

Around 10 percent of the labor force work in agricultural production.

work
works
has works
had works

Explanation

Answer: B - The best choice is “works”

The verb should agree with the subject. The singular noun “force” agrees with “works.” The perfect tense forms of the verb do not fit within the context of this sentence.

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Can Innovation Solve the Economic Crisis? Major shock has caused turbulence within the once stable European Union, a recession continues to create a decline in economic activity across the United States, and militarism is leaving immense debts that only create a larger burden around the globe. These factors point to the creation of an economic crisis where major financial institutions are losing portions of their value. Fewer resources are leading to greater debt and causing increasing resistance to the capitalistic system that Karl Marx was such a critic and admirer of. While economist John Maynard Keynes had nothing positive to say about Joseph Schumpeter's idea of creative destruction, his cycle of innovation may be able to solve the current economic crisis. Amidst economic downturn, the general business cycle will experience considerable decline. This affects all companies, industries, and countries in some way, as macroeconomic shock leads to a drop in domestic and export demand. The result is the decision to continue business as usual, reduce costs, or search for new opportunities. This search for new opportunities is what Chris Freeman and the Sussex School have coined as a way out. It is Freeman's belief that Schumpeter's idea of creative destruction and emerging technologies can lead to a collection of new clusters of innovation, which help the economy regain prosperity. Not only does this contradict Keynes’ belief that nothing good can come from creative destruction, but it also illustrates a process that allows some new businesses to interject their own expense in an attempt to create such innovation. These new businesses and competition will lead to financial and technological innovation. Technological innovation is a process that does not happen overnight, but may be in development for decades during an economic crisis or the result of a business cycle. A crisis creates a high mobility of finances and allows funds to be reallocated from established technologies to emerging ones. As new innovators step into the forefront of the economic arena, confrontation occurs between previous leaders and those that are attempting to take control. As economist Carlota Perez has argued, “from the confrontation between them will emerge the novel leaders and the industries that will serve as engines of growth of the economy,” (Perez 2009, page 781. )This process results in a techno-economic paradigm that can lead to increased productivity, more efficient equipment, and better organizational models. Additionally, there is a much wider market and outreach for the new technologies. Throughout this process, financial innovation is working behind the scenes to pioneer the new techno-paradigm. As new leaders emerge, the financial sector invents and diffuses new ways to acquire capital. In part, this new capital is acquired through new investors that are able to leverage and spread risk within this paradigm. Within this innovation, positive results can be seen in regards to the domestic and export demands for this new product, thus indicating that the economic demand or desire may have been somewhat related to the economic decline. While periods of financial and technological innovation have been observed cyclically throughout the past two centuries, Keynes, an economist whose ideas have been used to form Keynesian economics, held fast to the belief that nothing good could come from “creative destruction. ”One such example is the liberalization from the 1980s and 1990s, which boosted competition amongst companies, and created increased choices and flexibility for consumers, all while increasing the financial development. But certain flaws remained hidden. These flaws led to negative results, including misrepresented products. Keynes also thought that the desires of new investors with available capital would spawn more delinquencies, bankruptcies, and inadequately managed products. Additionally, these new innovators may not effectively know how to manage the risks that they are taking in an attempt to become successful entrepreneurs. Keynes believed that economic crisis could not rely on innovation, but needed to stimulate the economy using alternative methods, such as increased government investment and the reduction of interest rates. The recent economic downturn has prompted the United Kingdom to take actions mimicking those outlined by Keynes, asserting that innovation may not be the solution to economic crisis. Less than four years ago, in 2008, the Bank of England slashed interest rates to 4. 5%. This reduction came after the British government announced a plan to rescue Britain's banking sector to the tune of £500bn in government assistance. Similarly, in 2008, the United States government participated in the largest bailout of any government. Officially known as the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, the United States government supplied over $700 billion dollars to assist with risky and nonperforming debt, including mortgages, auto loans, college loans, and other ambiguous types of debt. The largest bailout in history, this is one of six major times that the government has attempted to boost the economy through such activity. Others include the Great Depression, where unemployment was at 25%. Additionally, government assistance was used in the Savings and Loan bailout of 1989; when Bear Stearns collapsed; and to assist with AIG, an insurance company that is recognizable around the globe. Also, in 2008 the United States government, committed up to $200 billion dollars to save mortgage giants Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Joseph Schumpeter and John Maynard Keynes had two very different views regarding a solution to the economic crisis. Both viewed the economic crisis as inevitable and the stimulation of the economy as necessary, but that is where their agreement ends. Schumpeter believed that people's disgruntlement and desire for more would lead them to finding new ways, new approaches, and thus new innovations that would spawn economic activity, resulting in strengthened economic activity. Contrary, to this, Keynes thought that ending an economic crisis would not come through innovation, but rather through government interventions. When looking back, it seems that neither Schumpeter’s innovation nor Keynesian models offers a perfect solution, but that the true key to solving economic crisis lies in a combination of the two. There are times that the actions of the government to reduce interest rates and provide government investments is ideal, while at other times it is periods of technological and financial innovation that propel economies out of crisis and into significant economic surges.The author of this passage expresses a viewpoint that is most likely:
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Completed by Leonardo da Vinci in 1506, the Mona Lisa is one of the most recognized images in the world. Over the centuries several theories have been proposed regarding the identity of the enigmatic subject of this portrait. While current scholars tend to agree that she is Lisa del Giocondo, the young wife of a wealthy Florence merchant, some dissenters argue that del Giocondo was, in fact, the subject of an earlier portrait, and not the smiling visage of the Mona Lisa. Scholars who reject the del Giocondo identification have proffered several alternative identities. Some scholars believe Mona Lisa was the Duchess of Milan, Isabella of Aragon. Da Vinci was the Aragon family painter for more than a decade and would have had the time and opportunity to create a portrait of the Duchess. Other scholars have theorized that Mona Lisa is the portrait of a mistress of Giuliano de’ Medici, the ruler of Florence in the early 1500s. More recently, scholars using digital analysis have determined that the Mona Lisa is da Vinci himself, painted as a woman. Digital analysis and comparisons of da Vinci’s facial features and those of the woman in the painting show almost perfect alignment of their features. However, other researchers have pointed out that, since the only images of da Vinci are paintings, primarily self-portraits, this alignment might be attributed to the artist, and not the subjects of the painting.Using modern scientific analysis to identify artists and their subjects has become more popular in the last few decades. In addition, the availability of laboratories using specialized equipment has increased for laypeople, or those who are not professional scientists. The internet provides a wealth of information for anyone interested in researching art, and communicating the findings of art historians is easier than ever due to the online publishing of academic journals. In 2010, an amateur researcher and art historian, Silvano Vinceti, assembled a team of researchers with the goal of finding the grave of Lisa del Giocondo and determining, by using advanced technology that performs facial imaging based on skeletal structure, if she was the original model for the Mona Lisa. This would not be Vinceti’s first art-history investigation. Earlier in 2010 he discovered the remains of the Italian artist, Caravaggio, and determined through analysis of the bone fragments that he had died of lead poisoning. In fact, Vinceti’s investigation supported a long-held belief among art historians that Caravaggio had gone mad before his death. The levels of lead present in the artist’s skeleton likely caused significant mental incapacitation before causing his death in 1610. Vinceti was able to compile data from analysis and prior scholars quickly and efficiently, leading to a confirmation of conclusions previously considered only suppositions. Vinceti’s Cavaggio investigation was not, however, without controversy. Another art historian, Tomaso Montanari, claimed that Vinceti’s interest in identifying Caravaggio was prurient and morbid, and intended only to attract tourists, rather than to shed light on the tragic life of the artist. He pointed out that violating the artist’s grave yielded little new information about the artist, nor was there any discernible upsurge in interest in Caravaggio’s work. Consistently critical of Vinceti’s projects, Montanari has predicted that the Mona Lisa project will be a failure, and questions the researcher’s motives. Montanari is among a small, but vocal group of highly-regarded art scholars who reject these types of investigations and the value they bring to the study of art. Nevertheless, Vinceti has achieved a significant first step in his research. In August of 2013, he and his team opened and entered a crypt in Florence that has been sealed for over 300 years. In it he hoped to find the final resting places of the Giocondos. Should the team find remains that may be those of the couple, the first step will be to carbon date a sample of any remaining organic material, such as bone or hair, to establish a date range during with they may have lived. If the remains do not date from the 1500s, they will be automatically disqualified from future testing or investigation. Critics claim that disrupting the tomb is not only disrespectful, but is also a vain effort. There are likely thousands of women buried in the large crypt and looking for a specific woman will be an arduous, if not futile, task. If Vinceti is successful in identifying a body that might have carried the enigmatic face of da Vinci’s portrait, and if those remains surmount the hurdle of carbon dating, the next step will be to attempt a DNA match with remains found in an earlier excavation of a different tomb, where Vinceti believes he has found Giocondo’s son. Even if the remains are confirmed to be those of Lisa del Giocondo, there is no guarantee Vinceti will be able to confirm anything more than the identity of a nearly 500-year-old skeleton. If the skull is not intact, digital scanning of the remains and a simulated reconstruction will be impossible and there will be no way to match the remains to da Vinci’s portrait.Despite these many hurdles Vinceti remains undaunted in his quest to, once and for all, confirm the identity of the most famous face in the world.What is the most likely reason the author has described multiple theories about the identity of the Mona Lisa?
3 votes

The Senses of Insects By Auguste ForelTitle: The World's Greatest Books - Volume 15 - Science I. -Insect Activity and InstinctThis subject is one of great interest, as much from the standpoint of biology as from that of comparative psychology. The very peculiar mechanism of instincts always has its starting-point in sensations. To comprehend this mechanism it is essential to understand thoroughly the organs of sense and their special functions. It is further necessary to study the co-ordination which exists between the action of the different senses, and leads to their intimate connection with the functions of the nerve-centres, that is to say, with the specially instinctive intelligence of insects. The whole question is, therefore, a chapter of comparative psychology, a chapter in which it is necessary to take careful note of every factor, to place oneself, so to speak, on a level with the mind of an insect, and, above all, to avoid the anthropomorphic errors with which works upon the subject are filled. At the same time the other extreme must equally be avoided-"anthropophobia," which at all costs desires to see in every living organism a "machine," forgetting that a "machine" which lives, that is to say, which grows, takes in nutriment, and strikes a balance between income and expenditure, which, in a word, continually reconstructs itself, is not a "machine," but something entirely different. In other words, it is necessary to steer clear of two dangers. We must avoid (1) identifying the mind of an insect with our own, but, above all, (2) imagining that we, with what knowledge we possess, can reconstruct the mind by our chemical and physical laws. On the other hand, we have to recognise the fact that this mind, and the sensory functions which put it on its guard, are derived, just as with our human selves, from the primitive protoplasmic life. This life, so far as it is specialised in the nervous system by nerve irritability and its connections with the muscular system, is manifested under two aspects. These may be likened to two branches of one trunk. (a) Automatic or instinctive activity. This, though perfected by repetition, is definitely inherited. It is uncontrollable and constant in effect, adapted to the circumstances of the special life of the race in question. It is this curious instinctive adaptation-which is so intelligent when it carries out its proper task, so stupid and incapable when diverted to some other purpose-that has deceived so many scientists and philosophers by its insidious analogy with humanly constructed machines. But, automatic as it may appear, instinct is not invariable. In the first place, it presents a racial evolution which of itself alone already demonstrates a certain degree of plasticity from generation to generation. It presents, further, individual variations which are more distinct as it is less deeply fixed by heredity. Thus the divergent instincts of two varieties, e. g. , of insects, present more individual variability and adaptability than do those instincts common to all species of a genus. In short, if we carefully study the behaviour of each individual of a species of insects with a developed brain (as has been done by P. Huber, Lubbock, Wasmann, and myself, among others, for bees, wasps, and ants), we are not long in finding noteworthy differences, especially when we put the instinct under abnormal conditions. We then force the nervous activity of these insects to present a second and plastic aspect, which to a large extent has been hidden from us under their enormously developed instinct. (b) The plastic or adaptive activity is by no means, as has been so often suggested, a derivative of instinct. It is primitive. It is even the fundamental condition of the evolution of life. The living being is distinguished by its power of adaptation; even the amoeba is plastic. But in order that one individual may adapt itself to a host of conditions and possibilities, as is the case with the higher mammals and especially with man, the brain requires an enormous quantity of nerve elements. But this is not the case with the fixed and specialised adaptation of instinct. In secondary automatism, or habit, which we observe in ourselves, it is easy to study how this activity, derived from plastic activity, and ever becoming more prompt, complex, and sure (technical habits), necessitates less and less expenditure of nerve effort. It is very difficult to understand how inherited instinct, hereditary automatism, could have originated from the plastic activities of our ancestors. 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