According to Erikson’s autonomy vs. shame stage, toddlers need to begin to assert their independence. Parents and caregivers can either support, or discourage this independence. If a parent or caregiver is overly __________ of the child, the result can be feelings of inadequacy and increased dependence on others.
Explanation
Answer: D - Toddlers learn independence, confidence, and experience security through beginning to explore the world on their own. Parents or caregivers who encourage this independence (perhaps through letting the toddler pick out his or her own clothes) help the toddler become appropriately autonomous. Parents or caregivers who are overly critical or extremely controlling hamper this independence. This can leave the toddler feeling insecure, self-conscious, and often more dependent on others, than a toddler who experiences healthy independence for this stage of development.
