Question 1

Phoneme

Accepted Answer

The smallest unit of sound in a language.

Question 2

Morpheme

Accepted Answer

The smallest unit of meaning in a language.

Question 3

Syntax

Accepted Answer

The rules governing the structure of sentences in a language.

Question 4

Semantics

Accepted Answer

The study of meaning in language.

Question 5

Pragmatics

Accepted Answer

The study of how context influences the meaning of language.

Question 6

Phonology

Accepted Answer

The study of sounds in a language and how they are organized.

Question 7

Grapheme

Accepted Answer

A written representation of a sound or phoneme.

Question 8

Allophone

Accepted Answer

Different variations of a phoneme that occur in different contexts.

Question 9

Lexicon

Accepted Answer

The vocabulary of a language.

Question 10

Prosody

Accepted Answer

The patterns of stress, rhythm, and intonation in language.

Question 11

Generative grammar

Accepted Answer

A system of rules that generates all the possible sentences in a language.

Question 12

Syntactic ambiguity

Accepted Answer

When a sentence has more than one possible interpretation due to its structure.

Question 13

Sociolinguistics

Accepted Answer

The study of how language varies and changes in different social groups.

Question 14

Dialect

Accepted Answer

A variety of a language spoken by a particular group of people.

Question 15

Language acquisition

Accepted Answer

The process of learning a language, typically in childhood.

Question 16

Language development

Accepted Answer

The growth and refinement of language skills over time.

Question 17

Behaviorism

Accepted Answer

A psychological approach that emphasizes the role of external stimuli in shaping behavior.

Question 18

Universal grammar

Accepted Answer

The innate set of linguistic principles that humans are born with.

Question 19

Critical period

Accepted Answer

A specific window of time during which language acquisition is most successful.

Question 20

Bilingualism

Accepted Answer

The ability to speak and understand two languages fluently.

Question 21

Phonological awareness

Accepted Answer

The ability to identify and manipulate the sounds of language.

Question 22

Metalinguistic awareness

Accepted Answer

The ability to think about and reflect on language.

Question 23

Code switching

Accepted Answer

The practice of alternating between two or more languages or dialects within a conversation.

Question 24

Naturalistic observation

Accepted Answer

Observing behavior in a natural setting without intervention or manipulation.

Question 25

Reliability

Accepted Answer

The consistency or stability of a measurement or observation.

Question 26

Validity

Accepted Answer

The degree to which a test or measure accurately assesses what it is intended to assess.

Question 27

Standard deviation

Accepted Answer

A measure of how spread out or dispersed a set of scores is from the mean.

Question 28

Normal distribution

Accepted Answer

A symmetrical bell-shaped curve that represents the distribution of scores in a population.

Question 29

Correlation

Accepted Answer

A statistical measure of the relationship between two variables.

Question 30

Independent variable

Accepted Answer

The variable that is manipulated or controlled by the researcher in an experiment.

Question 31

Dependent variable

Accepted Answer

The variable that is measured or observed to determine the effect of the independent variable.

Question 32

Experimental group

Accepted Answer

The group that receives the experimental treatment or intervention in an experiment.

Question 33

Control group

Accepted Answer

The group that does not receive the experimental treatment and is used as a comparison in an experiment.

Question 34

Descriptive statistics

Accepted Answer

Statistical measures that summarize and describe data.

Question 35

Inferential statistics

Accepted Answer

Statistical techniques used to draw conclusions or make predictions based on sample data.

Question 36

Null hypothesis

Accepted Answer

The hypothesis that there is no significant difference or relationship between variables.

Question 37

Alternative hypothesis

Accepted Answer

The hypothesis that there is a significant difference or relationship between variables.

Question 38

Type I error

Accepted Answer

Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true (false positive).

Question 39

Type II error

Accepted Answer

Failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is actually false (false negative).

Question 40

Random assignment

Accepted Answer

Assigning participants to different groups in an experiment by chance.

Question 41

Random sampling

Accepted Answer

Selecting participants from a population in a way that each individual has an equal chance of being chosen.

Question 42

Case study

Accepted Answer

An in-depth investigation of a single individual or small group.

Question 43

Survey

Accepted Answer

A research method that involves collecting data from a large number of individuals through questionnaires or interviews.

Question 44

Experimental design

Accepted Answer

The specific plan or layout of an experiment, including the manipulation of variables and control of confounding factors.

Question 45

Confounding variable

Accepted Answer

An uncontrolled variable that influences both the independent and dependent variables in an experiment, making it difficult to determine their relationship.

Question 46

Ethnography

Accepted Answer

A qualitative research method that involves studying a culture or social group by living among its members and observing their behaviors and practices.

Question 47

Case-control study

Accepted Answer

A retrospective study design that compares individuals with a specific condition or outcome (cases) to individuals without the condition or outcome (controls) to identify potential causes or risk factors.

Question 48

Cross-sectional study

Accepted Answer

A research design that collects data from a population at a specific point in time to examine relationships between variables.

Question 49

Longitudinal study

Accepted Answer

A research design that follows a group of individuals over an extended period to observe changes or trends in their behavior or development.

Question 50

Statistical significance

Accepted Answer

The likelihood that a result or difference between groups is not due to chance, but rather represents a true effect or relationship.

Question 51

Central tendency

Accepted Answer

A measure that represents the typical or average value in a distribution of scores, such as the mean, median, or mode.

Question 52

Inferential statistics

Accepted Answer

Statistical techniques used to analyze and interpret data to make inferences or generalizations about a population based on a sample.

Question 53

Standard deviation

Accepted Answer

A measure of the spread or dispersion of scores around the mean in a distribution.

Question 54

Correlation coefficient

Accepted Answer

A statistical measure that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables.

Question 55

Statistical power

Accepted Answer

The probability of detecting a true effect or relationship in a study, typically influenced by sample size, effect size, and significance level.

Question 56

Type I error

Accepted Answer

Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true, indicating a false positive result.

Question 57

Type II error

Accepted Answer

Failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is actually false, indicating a false negative result.

Question 58

Effect size

Accepted Answer

A measure that quantifies the magnitude or strength of a relationship or difference between variables.

Question 59

Validity

Accepted Answer

The extent to which a test or measure accurately assesses what it is intended to measure.

Question 60

Internal validity

Accepted Answer

The degree to which a study's results can be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable rather than confounding factors.

Question 61

External validity

Accepted Answer

The extent to which study findings can be generalized or applied to real-world settings or populations.

Question 62

Reliability

Accepted Answer

The consistency or stability of a test or measure, often assessed through measures such as test-retest reliability or inter-rater reliability.

Question 63

Construct validity

Accepted Answer

The extent to which a test or measure assesses the underlying construct or concept it intends to measure.

Question 64

Content validity

Accepted Answer

The degree to which a test or measure includes a representative sample of items that cover the entire domain of the construct being measured.

Wisconsin Praxis Content Knowledge Tests