Question 1

Autonomy (ethical principle)

Accepted Answer

Respecting the client's right to make their own choices and direct their own life.

Question 2

Nonmaleficence

Accepted Answer

Avoiding actions that cause harm to clients; 'above all, do no harm.'

Question 3

Beneficence

Accepted Answer

Actively working for the good and well-being of clients and society.

Question 4

Justice (ethical principle)

Accepted Answer

Treating all clients fairly and equitably and promoting equal access to services.

Question 5

Fidelity

Accepted Answer

Honoring commitments and keeping promises; being trustworthy in the counseling relationship.

Question 6

Veracity

Accepted Answer

Being truthful and honest with clients and others.

Question 7

Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California (1976)

Accepted Answer

Court case establishing the duty to warn/protect an identifiable third party when a client poses a serious danger of violence.

Question 8

Privileged communication

Accepted Answer

A legal right belonging to the CLIENT that protects confidential communications from being disclosed in court; the client can waive it.

Question 9

Informed consent

Accepted Answer

Ongoing process of explaining the nature of counseling, risks/benefits, fees, counselor credentials, and limits of confidentiality so the client can make an informed choice.

Question 10

Multiple (dual) relationship

Accepted Answer

When a counselor holds a second role with a client (e.g., friend, business partner); avoid when there is risk of harm or exploitation; romantic/sexual relationships with clients are prohibited.

Question 11

HIPAA vs. FERPA

Accepted Answer

HIPAA protects privacy of health information; FERPA protects privacy of student educational records and gives parents/eligible students access rights.

Question 12

Cross's Nigrescence Model

Accepted Answer

Black racial identity development: Pre-Encounter, Encounter, Immersion-Emersion, Internalization, Internalization-Commitment.

Question 13

Helms's White Racial Identity Model

Accepted Answer

Contact, Disintegration, Reintegration, Pseudo-Independence, Immersion/Emersion, Autonomy.

Question 14

Berry's acculturation strategies

Accepted Answer

Assimilation (adopt new culture, drop original), Integration (keep both), Separation (keep original, reject new), Marginalization (reject both).

Question 15

Emic vs. etic

Accepted Answer

Emic = culture-specific perspective (inside view); Etic = universal perspective applied across cultures (outside view).

Question 16

Alloplastic vs. autoplastic

Accepted Answer

Alloplastic = changing the environment to fit the person; Autoplastic = the person adapting to fit the environment.

Question 17

Microaggressions (Sue)

Accepted Answer

Brief everyday slights toward marginalized groups; three forms: microassaults, microinsults, microinvalidations.

Question 18

Cultural encapsulation (Wrenn, 1962)

Accepted Answer

Counselor's narrow, ethnocentric view that treats their own cultural assumptions as universal truth.

Question 19

Sue's worldview dimensions

Accepted Answer

Two dimensions: locus of control (internal vs. external) and locus of responsibility (internal vs. external).

Question 20

Cass Identity Model

Accepted Answer

Gay/lesbian identity formation: Identity Confusion, Comparison, Tolerance, Acceptance, Pride, Synthesis.

Question 21

Individualism vs. collectivism (Hofstede)

Accepted Answer

Individualism emphasizes personal goals and independence; collectivism emphasizes group harmony, family, and interdependence.

Question 22

Piaget's cognitive stages

Accepted Answer

Sensorimotor (0-2), Preoperational (2-7), Concrete Operational (7-11), Formal Operational (11+).

Question 23

Assimilation vs. accommodation (Piaget)

Accepted Answer

Assimilation = fitting new information into an existing schema; Accommodation = changing a schema to fit new information.

Question 24

Erikson's psychosocial stages

Accepted Answer

Trust v. Mistrust; Autonomy v. Shame/Doubt; Initiative v. Guilt; Industry v. Inferiority; Identity v. Role Confusion; Intimacy v. Isolation; Generativity v. Stagnation; Integrity v. Despair.

Question 25

Kohlberg's moral development

Accepted Answer

Three levels: Preconventional (punishment/reward), Conventional (social rules/approval), Postconventional (universal ethical principles).

Question 26

Gilligan

Accepted Answer

Critiqued Kohlberg's male-based model; proposed women's moral development centers on an ethic of care and relationships.

Question 27

Ainsworth's attachment styles

Accepted Answer

Strange Situation: secure, anxious-avoidant, anxious-resistant (ambivalent); Main & Solomon later added disorganized.

Question 28

Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development

Accepted Answer

Gap between what a learner can do alone and what they can do with guidance; supported through scaffolding.

Question 29

Freud's psychosexual stages

Accepted Answer

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital.

Question 30

Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems

Accepted Answer

Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, Chronosystem.

Question 31

Baumrind's parenting styles

Accepted Answer

Authoritative (warm + firm limits), Authoritarian (strict, low warmth), Permissive (warm, few limits); Maccoby & Martin added Neglectful/Uninvolved.

Question 32

Kubler-Ross stages of grief

Accepted Answer

Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance (not necessarily linear).

Question 33

Holland's RIASEC

Accepted Answer

Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional; personality-environment fit (congruence). Self-Directed Search measures it.

Question 34

Super's Life-Span, Life-Space Theory

Accepted Answer

Stages: Growth, Exploration, Establishment, Maintenance, Disengagement; self-concept implemented through work; Life-Career Rainbow shows life roles.

Question 35

Gottfredson's Circumscription and Compromise

Accepted Answer

Children narrow (circumscribe) occupational options by sex-type and prestige, then compromise based on accessibility.

Question 36

Krumboltz

Accepted Answer

Social learning theory of career decision making; later Happenstance Learning Theory - capitalizing on unplanned events.

Question 37

Frank Parsons

Accepted Answer

Father of vocational guidance; trait-and-factor approach (Choosing a Vocation, 1909): know yourself, know the work, match them.

Question 38

Anne Roe

Accepted Answer

Personality theory of career choice; early parent-child relationships influence orientation toward or away from people in careers.

Question 39

Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT)

Accepted Answer

Lent, Brown & Hackett; based on Bandura: self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and personal goals shape career interests and choices.

Question 40

Ginzberg's career stages

Accepted Answer

Fantasy (to ~11), Tentative (11-17), Realistic (17+).

Question 41

Savickas's Career Construction Theory

Accepted Answer

Postmodern/narrative approach; people construct careers through life themes; career adaptability (concern, control, curiosity, confidence).

Question 42

O*NET

Accepted Answer

Online occupational database from the U.S. Department of Labor that replaced the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT).

Question 43

Rogers's core conditions

Accepted Answer

Person-centered therapy: empathy, unconditional positive regard, congruence (genuineness).

Question 44

Ellis's REBT ABCDE

Accepted Answer

Activating event, Beliefs (irrational), Consequences, Disputing, Effective new philosophy.

Question 45

Beck's cognitive triad

Accepted Answer

Negative views of the self, the world, and the future; associated with depression in cognitive therapy.

Question 46

Adlerian (Individual Psychology) key concepts

Accepted Answer

Inferiority feelings, style of life, social interest, birth order, family constellation, early recollections.

Question 47

Reality therapy WDEP (Glasser / Wubbolding)

Accepted Answer

Wants, Doing (direction), Evaluation, Planning; based on choice theory and basic needs.

Question 48

Gestalt therapy (Perls)

Accepted Answer

Focus on here-and-now awareness and unfinished business; techniques include empty chair and exaggeration.

Question 49

Frankl's logotherapy

Accepted Answer

Existential approach; the primary human drive is the search for meaning, even in suffering.

Question 50

Bowen family systems

Accepted Answer

Differentiation of self, triangulation, multigenerational transmission, genograms.

Question 51

Minuchin's structural family therapy

Accepted Answer

Family structure, subsystems, boundaries (enmeshed vs. disengaged), joining, enactments.

Question 52

Solution-focused brief therapy (de Shazer & Berg)

Accepted Answer

Focus on solutions and exceptions; techniques include the miracle question and scaling questions.

Question 53

Narrative therapy (White & Epston)

Accepted Answer

Clients re-author their stories; key technique is externalizing the problem ('the person is not the problem').

Question 54

Stages of Change (Prochaska & DiClemente)

Accepted Answer

Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action, Maintenance (plus relapse/termination).

Question 55

Motivational interviewing OARS

Accepted Answer

Open questions, Affirmations, Reflections, Summaries; resolves ambivalence and elicits change talk.

Question 56

Yalom's therapeutic factors

Accepted Answer

Instillation of hope, universality, imparting information, altruism, corrective recapitulation of the primary family group, socializing techniques, imitative behavior, interpersonal learning, group cohesiveness, catharsis, existential factors.

Question 57

Tuckman's group stages

Accepted Answer

Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, Adjourning.

Question 58

Corey's group stages

Accepted Answer

Initial, Transition, Working, Final (termination).

Question 59

ASGW group types

Accepted Answer

Task/work groups, psychoeducational groups, counseling groups, psychotherapy groups.

Question 60

Group cohesiveness

Accepted Answer

Sense of belonging and 'we-ness' in a group; Yalom considers it analogous to the therapeutic relationship in individual counseling.

Question 61

Content vs. process (group)

Accepted Answer

Content = what is said (topics); Process = how members interact and the dynamics underneath.

Question 62

Open vs. closed groups

Accepted Answer

Open groups admit new members over time; closed groups keep the same membership from start to finish.

Question 63

Blocking (group skill)

Accepted Answer

Leader intervenes to stop counterproductive behavior (e.g., gossip, breaking confidentiality, scapegoating).

Question 64

Linking (group skill)

Accepted Answer

Leader connects members' common themes or concerns to promote interaction and universality.

CPCE Review: Key Terms & Theorists Across All 8 CACREP Areas