Question 1

Erik Erikson

Accepted Answer

(Development) psychosocial; 8 stages - Trust vs. Mistrust (infancy), Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (toddlerhood), Initiative vs. Guilt (preschool), Industry vs. Inferiority (school-age), Identity vs. Role Confusion (adolescence), Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adulthood), Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle adulthood), and Ego Integrity vs. Despair (late adulthood). *Can complete stages later

Question 2

Albert Ellis

Accepted Answer

REBT + irrational self-talk

Question 3

Caplan

Accepted Answer

Public health + preventative psychiatry; preventing problems before they occur, like vaccines

Question 4

Dollar & Miller

Accepted Answer

Anxiety learned from experiences; like how a friend’s fear can make you scared too!

Question 5

John Crites

Accepted Answer

(Career) Vocational psychologist + Career Maturity inventory; GPS system

Question 6

B.F. Skinner

Accepted Answer

Behaviorist; Operant conditioning; believed our actions are influenced by consequences, like rewards or punishments, shaping our behavior like a slot machine rewarding a player.

Question 7

Virginia Satire

Accepted Answer

Believed in innate goodness of people (gardener; people are waiting to bloom)

Question 8

Rogers

Accepted Answer

PCT + unconditional positive regard

Question 9

Jean Piaget

Accepted Answer

(Development) 4 stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational; cognitive (schemas)

Question 10

Fritz Perls

Accepted Answer

Gestalt; Whole person therapy

Question 11

Ivan Pavlov

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning (dog salivating to bell)

Question 12

Frank Parsons

Accepted Answer

(Career) “father of vocational guidance”; wrote Choosing a Vocational Book

Question 13

Rollo May

Accepted Answer

Existential; studied anxiety in depth, like a dark forest.

Question 14

Slavson

Accepted Answer

(Group) Founder of the Group Therapy Association (GTA) + worked with group therapy in children

Question 15

Carl Whitaker

Accepted Answer

Symbolic experiential family therapy, like role-playing and storytelling

Question 16

Fredrick Thorne

Accepted Answer

Eclectic counseling

Question 17

Vygotsky

Accepted Answer

(Development) constructivist; zone of proximal development

Question 18

John Watson

Accepted Answer

“Father of American behaviorism”; psychology should only deal with what can be observed and measured. “Little Albert” experiment, child conditioned to fear a white rat

Question 19

Michael White

Accepted Answer

Narrative therapy; post-modern constructivist

Question 20

Edmond Williamson

Accepted Answer

Directive approach to counseling; Minnesota Point of View – trait and factor theory; His theory included a 5-step series that included analysis, synthesis, diagnosis, counseling and follow-up.

Question 21

Bandura

Accepted Answer

(Development) Social learning theory

Question 22

Berne

Accepted Answer

Transactional analysis – life is like a social “game” of transactions.

Question 23

Bowen

Accepted Answer

(Group) Family systems therapy; families as whole systems like a mobile, where one moving part effects the entire mobile.

Question 24

Abraham Maslow

Accepted Answer

Humanistic theorist; hierarchy of needs and self-actualization; Pyramid diagram with basic needs at bottom + s-a at top.

Question 25

Jane Loevinger

Accepted Answer

(Development) 10 stages of ego development; simple to complex

Question 26

Eric Lindemann

Accepted Answer

Crisis models dealing with trauma; created maps.

Question 27

Arnold Lazarus

Accepted Answer

Multimodal Therapy, like a Swiss army knife.

Question 28

Ross Kubler

Accepted Answer

Created 5 stage Grief Model: shock & denial, anger, bargaining & guilt, hopelessness, and acceptance.

Question 29

Kruskal-Wallis Test

Accepted Answer

A non-parametric statistical test like the ANOVA test; used to compare 3+ groups of independent variables with an ordinal dependent variable; Like ranking ice cream flavors.

Question 30

John Krumboltz

Accepted Answer

(Career) Social learning theory of career counseling; valued behavior and cognitions – career decisions are based on thoughts and observations of others in addition to skills and interests.

Question 31

Kolmogorov- Smirnov Z Procedure

Accepted Answer

Non-parametric statistical test like the Mann-Whitney U test; Used for comparing 2 data sets when you have small sample sizes, less than 25.

Question 32

Lawrence Kohlberg

Accepted Answer

(Development) 3 Stages of Moral Development; obedience in fear of punishment, interpersonal or societal norms and, person having their own moral compass; most people do not reach this third stage; criticized for being too male centered.

Question 33

Donald Keat

Accepted Answer

HELPING model - Health, Emotions, Learning, Personal, Imagery, Need to know, Guidance; Use with children (FKA. Basic I.D. model).

Question 34

Carl Jung

Accepted Answer

Followed Frued then broke away; Jungian Analytic Psychology; Seeks union between conscious and unconscious.

Question 35

John Holland

Accepted Answer

(Career) Theory of Vocational Types; Matches people to work environment; RIASEC Test.

Question 36

Joanne Harris-Bowlsbey

Accepted Answer

(Career) Created a computerized vocational system for facilitators to use to better support their clients: CVIS Discover Visions.

Question 37

Harry Harlow

Accepted Answer

(Development) Maternal separation with monkeys.

Question 38

Roger Gould

Accepted Answer

(Development) Adult development being like a tree, growing new branches as we age, representing new challenges and experiences.

Question 39

Gottfredson

Accepted Answer

(Development + Career) Theory of Circumscription / Lifespan theory; Focused on the impact of gender and prestige.

Question 40

William Glasser

Accepted Answer

Reality Therapy + Choice Theory; Focus on the role of personal choice.

Question 41

Carol Gilligan

Accepted Answer

Ethicist psychologist who worked with Kohlberg and then against him!

Question 42

Arnold Gessel

Accepted Answer

(Development) Scales of human development; Reflects genetic unfolding

Question 43

Viktor Frankl

Accepted Answer

Existential Logotherapy + the search for meaning; Finding meaning in the suffering.

Question 44

Frued

Accepted Answer

(Development) “Father of psychoanalysis”; 5 stages of development – Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital; Seeks to understand the hidden layers of the mind and our deepest thoughts and desires. Focus on the id (chaos) as the true self. Sessions laying on couch (without eye contact), several times a week.

Question 45

Alfred Adler

Accepted Answer

(Development) Founder of the School of Individual Psychology; Birth order + feelings of belonging. 4 stages – engagement, assessment, insight, reorientation.

Question 46

Allen Ivey (& M. Ivey)

Accepted Answer

Microcounseling Model – 3 sets of skills applicable to non-counselors (eg. nurse): attending, responding, and influencing; Confrontational Impact Scale (5 stages) – Rapport & structuring, gathering information, determining outcomes, exploring alternatives, generalization & transfer learning.

Question 47

Kohlberg

Accepted Answer

Moral stages – obedience to independence

Question 48

Kevan

Accepted Answer

Constructivist; making meaning and finding a sense of self

Question 49

Miller Tiedman

Accepted Answer

(Career) Lifecareer Theory – people have creative autonomy to build a unique career, different than social constructs or “common reality”.

Question 50

Luria

Accepted Answer

(Development) Intellect is made of two essential processes – simultaneous and sequential

Question 51

John Locke

Accepted Answer

Life, liberty, and property; reductionist and individualist; people are born as blank slates “tabula rasa”

Counseling Theorists