Question 1

Vertical Integration

Accepted Answer

1880s - A business model in which a corporation controlled all aspects of production from raw materials to package products. 'Robber barons' or industrial innovators such as Gustavus Swift and Andrew Carnegie pioneered this business form at the end of the civil war.

Question 2

Horizontal Integration

Accepted Answer

1880s - Business concept invented to pressure competitors and force rivals to merge their companies into a conglomerate. John D Rockefeller of Standard Oil pioneered this business model.

Question 3

Trust

Accepted Answer

1882 - Small group of associates that hold stock from a group of combined firms, managing them as a single entity. Trusts quickly evolved into other centralized business forms, but progressive critics continued to refer to giant firms like US Steel and Standard Oil as 'trusts'.

Question 4

Scientific Management

Accepted Answer

Late 1800s - A system of organizing work developed by Frederick W Taylor. it was designed to coax maximum output from the individual worker, increase efficiency, and reduce production cost.

Question 5

Chinese Exclusion Act

Accepted Answer

1882 - Law that barred Chinese laborers from entering the United states. It continued in effect until the 1940s.

Question 6

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

Accepted Answer

1877 - A nationwide strike of thousands of railroad workers and labor allies, who protested the growing power of railroad corporations and the steep wage cuts imposed by railroad managers amid a severe economic depression that had begun in 1873.

Question 7

Granger Laws

Accepted Answer

Late 1870s - Economic regulatory laws passed in some Midwestern states, triggered by pressure from farmers and the Greenback-labor party.

Question 8

Knights Of Labor

Accepted Answer

1869 - The first mass labor organization created among America's working class. Peeking in strength in the mid 1880s, the knights of Labor attempted to bridge boundaries of ethnicity, gender, ideology, race, and occupation to build a universal brotherhood of all workers.

Question 9

Haymarket Square

Accepted Answer

1886 - Conflict in Chicago in which both workers and policemen were killed or wounded during the labor demonstration called by local anarchists. The incident created a backlash against all labor organizations, including the Knights of labor.

Question 10

Interstate Commerce Act

Accepted Answer

1887 - Created the Interstate Commerce Commission, a federal regulatory agency designed to oversee the railroad industry and prevent collusion and unfair rates.

Question 11

Closed Shop

Accepted Answer

1870s - A workplace in which a job seeker had to be a union member to gain employment. The clothes shop was advocated by craft unions as a method of keeping out lower-wage workers and strengthening the unions’ bargaining position with employers

Question 12

American Federation of Labor

Accepted Answer

1886 - Organization created by Samuel Gompers that coordinated the activities of craft unions and called for direct negotiation with Employers in order to achieve benefits for skilled workers.

Question 13

Andrew Carnegie

Accepted Answer

Late 1800s - Andrew Carnegie was a Scottish-American industrialist and philanthropist. Carnegie led the expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century and became one of the richest Americans in history.

Question 14

Gustavus Swift

Accepted Answer

1880s - A Chicago cattle dealer, he saw that local slaughterhouses lacked the scale to utilize waste by product and get labor cost. To improve productivity Swift invented the assembly line where each wage worker repeated the same slaughtering task over and over. He also pioneered vertical integration.

Question 15

John D Rockefeller

Accepted Answer

Mid to late 1800s - Founder of the Standard Oil Company, became one of the world's wealthiest men and a major philanthropist. Participated in vertical integration and pioneered horizontal integration.

Question 16

Terence Powderly

Accepted Answer

1880s - Leader of The Knights of Labor. Tried to avoid strikes which he saw as costly and risky, but the organization's greatest growth resulted from spontaneous Grassroots striking.

Question 17

Samual Gompers

Accepted Answer

1880s - Was one of the founders of the American Federation of Labor, and its president for nearly 40 years.

Question 18

Plessy v Ferguson

Accepted Answer

1896 - Supreme Court case that wrote that racially segregated railroad cars and other public facilities, if they claim to be separate but equal, were permissible according to the 14th amendment.

Question 19

Sierra Club

Accepted Answer

1892 - Organization that was dedicated to the enjoyment and preservation of America's great mountains (including the Sierra Nevadas) wilderness environments. encouraged by such groups, National and state governments began to set aside more public lands for preservation and recreation.

Question 20

National Park Service

Accepted Answer

1916 - A federal agency that provided comprehensive oversight of the growing system of national parks.

Question 21

Comstock Act

Accepted Answer

1873 - Law that prohibited circulation of obscene literature, defined as including most information on sex, reproduction, and birth control.

Question 22

Atlanta Compromise

Accepted Answer

1895 - Address by Booker T Washington that urged whites and African Americans to work together for the progress of all. Delivered at the Cotton States Exposition in Atlanta, the speech was widely interpreted as approving racial segregation.

Question 23

Womans Christian Temperance Union

Accepted Answer

1879 - An organization advocating the prohibition of liquor when charismatic Francis Willard became its leader. Advocating suffrage and a host of reform activities, it launched tens of thousands of women into public life and was the first Nationwide organization to identify and condemn domestic violence.

Question 24

Feminism

Accepted Answer

1910s - The ideology that women should enter the public sphere not only to work on behalf of others but also for their own equal rights in advancement. Feminists moved beyond advocacy of women's voting rights to seek greater autonomy and professional careers, property rights, and personal relationships.

Question 25

Natural Selection

Accepted Answer

1859 - Charles Darwin's theory that when individual members of a species are born with a random genetic mutations that better suit them for their environment - for example, camouflage coloring for moth - these characteristics, since they are genetically transmissible, become dominant in future generations.

Question 26

Social Darwinism

Accepted Answer

1870s - An idea formulated by British philosopher and sociologist Herbert spencer, that human society advanced through ruthless competitions and the survival of the fittest. Basically I'm doing well in life because I'm just better than you and you're poor just because you suck.

Question 27

Eugenics

Accepted Answer

Late 1800s - An emerging “science” of human breeding that argued that mentally deficient people should be prevented from reproducing.

Question 28

American Protective Association

Accepted Answer

1887s - A powerful political organization of militant protestants, which for a brief period and the 1890s counted more than 2 million members in its virulent anti-catholicism and calls for restrictions on immigrants the APA prefigured the revived KKK of the 1920s.

Question 29

Social Gospel

Accepted Answer

1870-1920 - A movement to renew religious faith through dedication to public welfare and social justice, reforming both society and the self through Christian service.

Question 30

Fundamentalism

Accepted Answer

1890s-1910s - A term adopted by Protestants who rejected modernism and historical interpretations of scripture and asserted the literal truth of the bible. Fundamentalists have historically seen secularism and religious relativism as markers of sin that will be punished by God.

Question 31

Thomas Edison

Accepted Answer

1880s-1910s - He developed many devices in fields such as the lightbulb, the phonograph, and motion pictures.

Question 32

John Muir

Accepted Answer

1869 - He fell in love with the Yosemite Valley and became the most famous voice for wilderness. He also founded the Sierra Club in 1992.

Question 33

Booker T Washington

Accepted Answer

Late 1800s - One of the most famous educational projects was his Tuskegee Institute, founded in 1881. Washington both taught and exemplified the goal of self-help; his autobiography, Up From Slavery, became a bestseller. He emerged as the leading public voice of African Americans. He gained National Fame in 1895 with his Atlanta Compromise address.

Question 34

Frances Willard

Accepted Answer

1879 - She was an American educator, temperance reformer, and women's suffragist. Willard became the national president of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union in 1879 and remained president until her death in 1898.

Question 35

Ida B Wells

Accepted Answer

1890s - She sued the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad for denying her a seat in the lady's car. In 1892 a white mop in Memphis invaded a grocery store owned by three of Wells's friends, angry that it competed with a nearby White store. When the Black store owners defended themselves winning several of their attackers all three were lynched. grieving their deaths, Wells left Memphis and urged other African-Americans to join her in boycotting the city's White businesses. As a journalist, she launched a one-woman campaign against lynching.

Question 36

Billy Sunday

Accepted Answer

1860s-1930s - One of the most popular Protestant preachers of the early 20th century, he was a former professional baseball player with an imposing physique and dynamic preaching style. more willing than most of his predecessors to make direct political arguments, Sunday championed antiradicalism and prohibition - stances that foreshadowed the Protestant political Crusades of the 1920s. Sunday's most famous sermon was his anti-licker extortion, “get on the water wagon”.

Question 37

Chicago School

Accepted Answer

Late 1800s - A school of architecture dedicated to the design of buildings whose form expressed, rather than masked, their structure and function.

Question 38

Mutual Aid Society

Accepted Answer

Early 1900s - An urban aid society that served members of an ethnic immigrant group, usually those from a particular province or town. The society's functioned as fraternal clubs that collected dues from members in order to pay support in case of death or disability.

Question 39

Race Riot

Accepted Answer

Early 1900s - A term for an attack on African Americans by white mobs, triggered by political conflicts, street altercations, or rumors of crime. In some cases, such riots were not spontaneous but planned in advance by a group of leaders seeking to enforce white supremacy.

Question 40

Tenement

Accepted Answer

Late 1800s early 1900s - A high density, cheap, five or six story housing unit to sign for working class urban populations. They became a symbol of urban immigrant poverty.

Question 41

Vaudeville

Accepted Answer

1880s-1890s - A popular professional stage show that included singing, dancing and comedy routines; it created a form of family entertainment for the urban masses that deeply influenced later forms, such as radio shows and television sitcoms.

Question 42

Yellow Journalism

Accepted Answer

Late 1800s - A derogatory term for newspapers that specialize in sensationalistic reporting. Yellow journalism is associated with the inflammatory reporting by the Hearst and Pulitzer newspapers leading up to the Spanish-American war in 1898.

Question 43

Muckrakers

Accepted Answer

Late 1800s early 1900s - A critical term, first applied by Theodore Roosevelt, for investigative journalists who published exposés of political scandals and Industrial abuses.

Question 44

Political Machine

Accepted Answer

Late 1880s early 1900s - A complex, hierarchical party organization such as New York's Tammy hall, whose candidates remained in office on the strength of their political organization and their personal relationship with voters, especially working class immigrants who had little alternative access to political power.

Question 45

Progressivism

Accepted Answer

1890-1920 - A loose term for political reformers, especially those from the elite and middle classes - who worked to improve the political system, fight poverty, conserve environmental resources, and increase government involvement in the economy. Giving their name to the progressive era, such reformers were often prompted to act by fear that mass, radical protests by workers and farmers would spread, as well as by their desire to enhance social welfare and social justice.

Question 46

Social Settlement

Accepted Answer

1890-1920 - A community welfare center that investigated the plight of the urban poor, raised funds to address urgent needs, and helped neighborhood residents advocate on their own behalf. Social settlements became a nationally recognized reform strategy during the Progressive era.

Question 47

Hull House

Accepted Answer

1889 - One of the first and most famous social settlements founded  by Jane Addams and her companion Ellen Gates Starr in an impoverished, largely Italian immigrant neighborhood on Chicago's West Side.

Question 48

Pure Food And Drug Act

Accepted Answer

1906 - Law regulating the conditions in the food and drug Industries to ensure a safe supply of food and medicine.

Question 49

National Consumers' League

Accepted Answer

1899 - Begun in New York, a national progressive organization that encouraged women, through their shopping decisions, to support fair wages and working conditions for industrial laborers.

Question 50

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

Accepted Answer

1911 - A devastating fire that quickly spread through the Triangle Shirtwaist company in New York City on March 25th, killing 146 people. In the wake of the tragedy, 56 state laws were passed dealing with such issues as fire hazards, unsafe machines, and wages and working hours for women and children. The fire also provided a national push for industrial reform.

Question 51

Scott Joplin

Accepted Answer

1893 - Ragtime was serious music to him since he was the master of the genre. He and other traveling performers introduced Ragtime to National audiences in the Chicago's World Fair in 1893. Seeking to elevate African American music and secure a broad National audience, Joplin warned pianists “it is never right to play Ragtime fast.” But his instructions were widely ignored.

Question 52

Jacob Riis

Accepted Answer

1890s - He exposed Urban poverty and life in the slums, through pictures.

Question 53

Jane Addams

Accepted Answer

1889 - Helped found the Hull House on Chicago's West Side.

Question 54

Margaret Sanger

Accepted Answer

1911 - A nurse who volunteered with the Lower East Side settlement. Horrified by women suffering from constant pregnancies she launched a crusade for what she called birth control. Her newspaper column "what every girl should know,” soon garnered an indictment for violating obscenity laws. The publicity that resulted helped her launch a national birth control movement.

Question 55

Upton Sinclair

Accepted Answer

1906 - Journalist who exposed some of the most extreme forms of labor exploitation in his novel The Jungle, which described appalling conditions in Chicago meat packaging plants. What caught the nation's attention was not the account of workers' plight but his description of rotten meat and filthy packaging conditions.

Question 56

"Waving the Bloody Shirt"

Accepted Answer

1880s-1890s - A term of  ridicule used to refer to politicians - especially Republicans - who, according to the critics, whipped up old animosities from the Civil War era that ought to be set aside.

Question 57

Gilded Age

Accepted Answer

1885-1910 - It was a period of economic growth as the United States jumped to the lead in industrialization ahead of Britain. The nation was rapidly expanding its economy into new areas, especially heavy industry like factories, railroads, and coal mining.

Question 58

Pendleton Act

Accepted Answer

1883 - Law establishing a nonpartisan Civil Service Commission to fill federal jobs by examination. It dealt a major blow to the spoil system and sought to ensure that government positions were filled by trained, professional employees.

Question 59

Mugwumps

Accepted Answer

1884 -  A late 19th century branch of reform minded Republicans who left their party in 1884 to support Democratic presidential candidate Grover Cleveland. Many of them were classical liberals who denounced corruption and advocated a reduction in government power and civil service reform.

Question 60

Sherman Antitrust Act

Accepted Answer

1890 - Landmark act that forbade anti-competitive business activities, requiring the federal government to investigate trusts and any companies operating in violation of the act.

Question 61

Omaha Platform

Accepted Answer

1892 - A statement by the Populists calling for stronger government to protect ordinary Americans.

Question 62

Free Silver

Accepted Answer

1890s - A policy of loosening the money supply by expanding Federal coinage to include silver as well as gold. Advocates of the policy thought it would exchange borrowing and stimulate industry, but the defeat of Democratic presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan ended the free silver movement and gave Republicans power to retain the gold standard.

Question 63

Lochner v New York

Accepted Answer

1905 - A Supreme Court ruling that New York State could not limit Baker's workday to 10 hours because that violated Baker's rights to make contracts.

Question 64

Newlands Reclamation Act

Accepted Answer

1902 - Law supported by President Theodore Roosevelt, that allowed the federal government to sell public lands to raise money for irrigation projects that expanded agriculture on arid lands.

APUSH Vocab - Unit 6