Question 1

Dependent Clause

Accepted Answer

A clause that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb within a sentence.

Question 2

Independent Clause

Accepted Answer

A clause that can stand alone as a complete sentence because it expresses a complete thought.

Question 3

Irony

Accepted Answer

A literary device where the intended meaning of words is different from their actual meaning.

Question 4

Metaphor

Accepted Answer

A figure of speech that directly compares one thing to another for rhetorical effect.

Question 5

Foreshadowing

Accepted Answer

A literary device used to give an indication or hint about what is to come later in the story.

Question 6

Primary Source

Accepted Answer

Original, first-hand account of an event or time period.

Question 7

Secondary Source

Accepted Answer

Analysis or interpretation of a primary source.

Question 8

Past Perfect Tense

Accepted Answer

Indicates an action was completed at some point in the past before something else happened.

Question 9

Future Perfect Tense

Accepted Answer

Indicates an action will have been completed at some point in the future.

Question 10

Scientific Method

Accepted Answer

Systematic approach used in scientific study, involving observation, experimentation, and theory development.

Question 11

Hypothesis

Accepted Answer

An educated guess or prediction that can be tested through experimentation.

Question 12

Independent Variable

Accepted Answer

The variable in a scientific experiment that is manipulated or changed by the experimenter.

Question 13

Dependent Variable

Accepted Answer

The variable in a scientific experiment that is measured or observed for changes.

Question 14

Control Group

Accepted Answer

The group in an experiment that does not receive the experimental treatment and is used as a benchmark.

Question 15

Experimental Group

Accepted Answer

The group in an experiment that receives the experimental treatment.

Question 16

Prokaryotic Cell

Accepted Answer

A type of cell lacking a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Question 17

Eukaryotic Cell

Accepted Answer

A type of cell with a nucleus enclosed within membranes and other organelles.

Question 18

Mitosis

Accepted Answer

The process of cell division where one cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells.

Question 19

Meiosis

Accepted Answer

The process of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.

Question 20

Photosynthesis

Accepted Answer

The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize food with chlorophylls.

Question 21

Cellular Respiration

Accepted Answer

The process in which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water.

Question 22

Evolution

Accepted Answer

The process by which different kinds of living organisms have developed and diversified from earlier forms.

Question 23

Natural Selection

Accepted Answer

The process by which the species best adapted to their environment survive and pass their traits onto offspring.

Question 24

Linear Equation

Accepted Answer

An equation that makes a straight line when it is graphed.

Question 25

Quadratic Equation

Accepted Answer

An equation that can be rewritten in the form ax^2+bx+c=0.

Question 26

Slope-Intercept Form

Accepted Answer

The equation of a line in the form y = mx + b, where m is the slope and b is the y-intercept.

Question 27

Pythagorean Theorem

Accepted Answer

The theorem that states that in a right triangle, the square of the length of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the lengths of the other two sides.

Question 28

Rational Number

Accepted Answer

A number that can be expressed as the quotient of two integers.

Question 29

Irrational Number

Accepted Answer

A number that cannot be expressed as a simple fraction.

Question 30

Polynomial

Accepted Answer

An expression that can have constants, variables and exponents, that can be combined using addition, subtraction and multiplication.

Question 31

Constitutional Republic

Accepted Answer

A form of government in which the officials are elected by the people and must govern according to existing constitutional law.

Question 32

Separation of Powers

Accepted Answer

The division of governmental power among several institutions to prevent any single group or individual from gaining too much control.

Question 33

Checks and Balances

Accepted Answer

A system in which each branch of government has the power to limit or check the other two, which prevents any branch from becoming too powerful.

Question 34

Federalism

Accepted Answer

A system of government in which power is divided between a central government and individual states.

Question 35

Bill of Rights

Accepted Answer

The first ten amendments to the US Constitution, which protect individual rights and liberties.

Question 36

Manifest Destiny

Accepted Answer

The 19th-century belief that the US was destined to expand across the continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.

Question 37

Industrial Revolution

Accepted Answer

A period of rapid industrial growth and technological change in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, beginning in Britain and spreading to the rest of the world.

Question 38

Cold War

Accepted Answer

The state of political tension and military rivalry between the US and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, from the end of World War II until the early 1990s.

Question 39

Civil Rights Movement

Accepted Answer

The struggle for social justice for African-Americans in the US during the mid-1950s to the late 1960s.

Question 40

Columbian Exchange

Accepted Answer

The widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the Americas, West Africa, and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries.

Question 41

Mitochondria

Accepted Answer

Organelles in cells that convert the energy from food into a form that cells can use.

Question 42

Chloroplasts

Accepted Answer

Organelles found in plant cells and other eukaryotic organisms that conduct photosynthesis.

Question 43

Plate Tectonics

Accepted Answer

The theory explaining the structure of the earth's crust and many associated phenomena as resulting from the interaction of rigid lithospheric plates that move slowly over the underlying mantle.

Question 44

Rock Cycle

Accepted Answer

The series of processes that change one type of rock into another type of rock.

Question 45

Water Cycle

Accepted Answer

The continuous process by which water is circulated throughout the earth and the atmosphere.

Question 46

Atomic Structure

Accepted Answer

The arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom.

Question 47

Chemical Bond

Accepted Answer

A lasting attraction between atoms, ions or molecules that enables the formation of chemical compounds.

Question 48

Periodic Table

Accepted Answer

A table of the chemical elements arranged in order of atomic number, usually in rows, so that elements with similar atomic structure appear in vertical columns.

Question 49

Oxidation

Accepted Answer

The process or result of oxidizing or being oxidized.

Question 50

Reduction

Accepted Answer

The process or result of reducing or being reduced.

Question 51

Photosynthesis Equation

Accepted Answer

The balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2.

Question 52

Cellular Respiration Equation

Accepted Answer

The balanced chemical equation for cellular respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy.

Question 53

Substitution Method

Accepted Answer

A method of solving a system of equations wherein one of the equations is solved for one variable in terms of the other variables.

Question 54

Elimination Method

Accepted Answer

A method of solving a system of equations wherein the terms of one of the equations are multiplied by a constant to make the coefficient of one variable the same in both equations.

Question 55

Distributive Property

Accepted Answer

The property that states that multiplying a sum by a number gives the same result as multiplying each addend by the number and then adding the products.

Question 56

Associative Property

Accepted Answer

The property that states that the way in which numbers are grouped does not change their sum or product.

Question 57

Commutative Property

Accepted Answer

The property that states that the way in which numbers are arranged does not change their sum or product.

Question 58

Absolute Value

Accepted Answer

The magnitude of a real number without regard to its sign.

Question 59

Factoring

Accepted Answer

The process of breaking down a composite number into its prime factors.

Question 60

Square Root

Accepted Answer

A value that, when multiplied by itself, gives the original number.

Question 61

Legislative Branch

Accepted Answer

The branch of government that makes the laws, composed of the House of Representatives and the Senate in the US.

Question 62

Executive Branch

Accepted Answer

The branch of government that enforces the laws, headed by the President in the US.

Question 63

Judicial Branch

Accepted Answer

The branch of government that interprets the laws and the Constitution, composed of the Supreme Court and other federal courts in the US.

Question 64

Impeachment

Accepted Answer

The process by which a legislative body formally levels charges against a high official of government.

Advanced ISASP Flashcards: Key Concepts and Terms