Question 1

Summative Assessment

Accepted Answer

Evaluation of student learning at the end of an instructional unit.

Question 2

Formative Assessment

Accepted Answer

Ongoing feedback provided to students to enhance their learning during instruction.

Question 3

Differentiated Instruction

Accepted Answer

Tailoring instruction to meet individual student needs.

Question 4

Metacognition

Accepted Answer

Awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes.

Question 5

Behaviorism

Accepted Answer

Learning theory that focuses on objectively observable behaviors.

Question 6

Constructivism

Accepted Answer

Learning theory that suggests learners construct knowledge for themselves.

Question 7

Bloom's Taxonomy

Accepted Answer

Classification system used to define and distinguish different levels of human cognition.

Question 8

Zone of Proximal Development

Accepted Answer

Difference between what learners can do without help and what they can't do.

Question 9

Inquiry-based Learning

Accepted Answer

Student-centered, active learning approach focusing on questioning, critical thinking, and problem-solving.

Question 10

Universal Design for Learning

Accepted Answer

Framework to improve and optimize teaching and learning for all people.

Question 11

Accommodation

Accepted Answer

Adjustments made in how a student with a disability learns.

Question 12

Modification

Accepted Answer

Changes in what a student is expected to learn.

Question 13

Individualized Education Program

Accepted Answer

A written plan for each student with a disability that is tailored to their individual needs.

Question 14

Least Restrictive Environment

Accepted Answer

Setting that provides the most possible time with non-disabled students.

Question 15

Multi-tier System of Supports

Accepted Answer

A framework to provide targeted support to struggling students.

Question 16

Response to Intervention

Accepted Answer

An approach to the early identification and support of students with learning and behavior needs.

Question 17

Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports

Accepted Answer

A proactive approach to establish the behavioral supports and social culture needed for all students in a school to achieve social, emotional and academic success.

Question 18

English Language Learner

Accepted Answer

Students who are in the process of acquiring the English language.

Question 19

Phonemic Awareness

Accepted Answer

Understanding that words are made up of individual sounds, or phonemes.

Question 20

Phonics

Accepted Answer

Method of teaching reading and spelling that stresses symbol-sound relationships.

Question 21

Fluency

Accepted Answer

Ability to read a text accurately, quickly, and with expression.

Question 22

Comprehension

Accepted Answer

Understanding and interpreting what is read.

Question 23

Informational Text

Accepted Answer

Nonfiction text, including history, social studies, science, and technical texts.

Question 24

Figurative Language

Accepted Answer

Words or expressions that have a meaning different from the literal interpretation.

Question 25

Text Features

Accepted Answer

Components of a story or article that are not the main body of text.

Question 26

Decoding

Accepted Answer

Ability to apply knowledge of letter-sound relationships to correctly pronounce written words.

Question 27

Encoding

Accepted Answer

Transforming information into an understandable and retrievable form.

Question 28

Curriculum-based Measurement

Accepted Answer

A method teachers use to find out how students are progressing in basic academic areas.

Question 29

Scaffolded Instruction

Accepted Answer

A process in which teachers model or demonstrate how to solve a problem.

Question 30

Instructional Scaffolding

Accepted Answer

Support given during the learning process which is tailored to the needs of the student.

Question 31

Project-Based Learning

Accepted Answer

A dynamic classroom approach in which students actively explore real-world problems and challenges.

Question 32

Inquiry-Based Learning

Accepted Answer

A form of active learning that starts by posing questions, problems or scenarios.

Question 33

Summative Assessment

Accepted Answer

An evaluation used to measure student comprehension of the curriculum.

Question 34

Intrinsic Motivation

Accepted Answer

Motivation that comes from within the individual.

Question 35

Extrinsic Motivation

Accepted Answer

Motivation that comes from outside rewards.

Question 36

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Accepted Answer

A theory in psychology that features a pyramid of human needs.

Question 37

Social and Emotional Learning

Accepted Answer

Process through which children and adults understand and manage emotions.

Question 38

Cultural Competence

Accepted Answer

Understanding and appropriately responding to the unique combination of cultural variables and the full range of dimensions of diversity that the professional and client/patient/family bring to interactions.

Question 39

Multicultural Education

Accepted Answer

An approach that prepares students for a diverse, multicultural society by providing them an understanding of different cultures.

Question 40

Co-Teaching

Accepted Answer

Two or more teachers work together to plan, organize, instruct and assess the same group of students.

Question 41

Assessment Bias

Accepted Answer

Characteristics of an assessment that advantage or disadvantage particular groups of students.

Question 42

High-stakes Testing

Accepted Answer

Standardized tests whose results have significant implications for students or educators.

Question 43

Performance Assessment

Accepted Answer

Evaluation of a student's ability to apply learned skills and knowledge to real-life situations.

Question 44

Authentic Assessment

Accepted Answer

An assessment that requires students to use the same competencies, or combinations of skills, that they would need in the real world.

Question 45

Direct Instruction

Accepted Answer

Teaching method where lessons are highly structured and teacher-directed.

Question 46

Backward Design

Accepted Answer

Approach to designing curriculum that starts with the end goal and then designing instructional steps to reach that goal.

Question 47

Independent Practice

Accepted Answer

When students work alone to apply skills they have been taught.

Question 48

Guided Practice

Accepted Answer

When students practice skills with teacher support.

Question 49

Depth of Knowledge (DOK)

Accepted Answer

Framework used to categorize tasks according to the complexity of thinking required.

Question 50

Essential Questions

Accepted Answer

Questions used to guide learning that focus on the heart of a discipline.

Question 51

Integrative Curriculum

Accepted Answer

Curriculum approach that integrates different areas of study by cutting across subject-matter lines and emphasizing unifying concepts.

Question 52

Learning Styles

Accepted Answer

The different ways that people learn and process information.

Question 53

Concept Mapping

Accepted Answer

A visual note-taking strategy that helps students organize and represent knowledge of a subject.

Question 54

Experiential Learning

Accepted Answer

Learning through reflection on doing, which is often contrasted with rote or didactic learning.

Question 55

Rubrics

Accepted Answer

Scoring guide used to evaluate the quality of students' constructed responses or performances.

Question 56

Self-assessment

Accepted Answer

Evaluation of oneself or one's actions and attitudes, in relation to learning standards set by the curriculum.

Advanced Concepts for Alabama Praxis Subject Assessments